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MUHAMMAD
& ISLAM: Stories not told before.
By
Mohammad Asghar
PART
- 12
Muhammad's first wife, Khudeija died in 619 A.D. He took
his second wife in 620 A.D., when he was fifty. He married his last wife two
years before his death in 632 A.D.
SECOND WIFE
After returning from Taif to Mecca, Muhammad married Sawda.
As we have mentioned earlier, Muhammad was facing acute financial hardships
after the death of his wife. He desperately needed someone to help him survive
until he found a permanent solution to his economic difficulties.
Sawda was a widow of Sokran, who had left behind some wealth for her to live
on the rest of her life. She was neither young nor beautiful. On top of
it, she was very tall for a woman and also had an excessively corpulent
physique. Her physical shortcomings notwithstanding, Muhammad went ahead
and married her due, perhaps, to the following considerations:
1.Having lost his ability to engage himself in penile intercourse with woman,
Sawda's age, physique and ugliness, at that crucial time of his life, had
became irrelevant to Muhammad;
2. All that he wanted from her was her wealth.
His purpose served, Muhammad announced his intention to expel her from his
house. Faced with grim prospects of starving and dying on the street, she
implored him not to proceed with his plan, pledging at the same time that she
would not divulge to anyone the state of his sex life. Satisfied with the
bargain, he allowed her to live in his household for so long as she lived.
THIRD WIFE
Aisha was the daughter of Abdullah Ibn Abu Qahafa,
popularly known as Abu Bakr, Father of the virgin she-camel, an appellation
people gave him after he gave his child in marriage to a fifty- plus year old
Muhammad. Being a friend of Abu Bakr, Muhammad had the privilege to visit his
house anytime he wished. In course of those visits, child Aisha became
accustomed to him, whose presence gave her delight and brought her
"something of the joy of the Paradise." In his "miraculous
touch, the sensation of joy," she narrated later, "was even
tangible" (Martin Lings, op. cit. p. 133).
We believe that during his frequent visits to Abu Bakr's house, Muhammad
developed a sexual relationship with their daughter Aisha. For doing it, he,
at first, made use of his fearsome character to control the child's mind.
Gradually, herself overtaken by the "sensation of joy" that his
"touch" gave her, and also prevented by his order not to let anyone
know what he had been doing to her, she refrained all along from divulging the
secret to others. Her parents might have recognized what had been going on
between her and Muhammad, and they might also have made her confess the truth
to them, but his strong influence over them, as well as their own future plan
prevented them from taking any action against their child's molester.
Over a period of time, Muhammad became fully infatuated with the child due to
the fact that he could "play with her and she with him." This
confession on Muhammad's part led some writers to confirm that he had a
physical relationship with Aisha before he married her (See Thomas W. Lippman,
Understanding Islam, p. 54). Fed up with the secrecy with which he had been
satisfying his lascivious nature, he decided to marry the six-year old child.
The Arabian traditions permitted child marriages, but the marriage of a
six-year old child with a fifty-plus year old man was not common. With a view
to overcoming people's criticism, Muhammad came up with a brilliant idea. It
was a dream that he made use of to justify his otherwise unpardonable marriage
with a child.
One day he told everyone that he had a dream in which he saw a man carrying
someone wrapped in a piece of silk. The man said to Muhammad" "This
is thy wife; so uncover her." He lifted the silk and, lo! There was Aisha."
Inadvertently, the narrator of the dream left for us a clue that indicates
Aisha's real age at the time Muhammad had developed for her his sexual
infatuation: A man would ordinarily carry an infant, wrapped up in a piece of
silk or cloth, and not a grown up child who is able to walk.
He interpreted the dream to be a divine command for him to marry the child. In
compliance, he betrothed her when she was a six-year old child. The betrothal
removed the difficulty that he faced hitherto before in engaging the child in
acts that gratified his sexual fantasies.
Following the betrothal, Muhammad's non-penile sexual relationship with Aisha
continued for over two years. It had a brief break when he migrated to Medina.
Within a year of his arrival there, Aisha also moved to Medina along with her
family members. Soon after her arrival, Muhammad formalized his marriage, and
took Aisha to his house. Aisha was nine and her husband fifty-three years old.
The young age of the bride notwithstanding, Muslim writers maintain that
Muhammad had married Aisha because she was clever and learned (Abdullah Yusuf
Ali, op. cit, vol. 2, p. 1113). He had judged her qualities with his prophetic
eyes. After being convinced by her extraordinary qualities, he decided that he
should marry her first, and then equip her with his teachings, which he
expected her to relate to the posterity after his death. Because Muhammad had
reposed his complete trust in her, she is universally referred to as Ummul
Momenin, the mother of the Muslims. Most Muslim theologians, scholars as well
as their ordinary cotemporaries consider her to be an authority not only on
hadiths, but also on the details of her husband's entire life.
Not knowing what level of learnedness a nine year old child could have
acquired in an environment in which facilities for imparting education did not
at all exist, we assert that what we have stated in the foregoing paragraphs
of this presentation was the reason for which Muhammad married Aisha at such a
young age. It was all about fulfilling his sexual lasciviousness. Her presumed
intelligence and learnedness played no role whatsoever in the marriage.
After she had grown up, Aisha, we believe, resented not only her childhood
marriage with Muhammad; she also hated him for not being able to satisfy her
sexual needs. The fact that she supported Hafsah in her confrontation with
Muhammad on a supposedly sex-related dispute lends credence to our theory
(66:4). She stood on Hafsah's side to vent her anger at what he had done to
her in her childhood, as well as for what she was going through then in her
sex life.
For so long as Muhammad and other fearful stalwarts of Islam lived, she dared
not revolt against all those who supported all the misdeeds of her husband.
Ali's assumption of power of the Caliph gave her the chance. She revolted
against him, and fought a pitch battle against the Muslim forces. Though she
was defeated, yet she is believed to have caused more trouble among the
Muslims than all the pagan Quraishites combined together (cf. R. V. C. Bodley,
op. cit. p. 147).
Readers would be confused by our above assertions. With a view to putting
their perplexity to rest, we need to mention the following historical fact:
Muhammad had six children from Khudeija. Three of them were male and they died
in their infancy. Subsequent to Khudeija's death, he took at least ten wives.
Almost all of them were in their childbearing ages. Despite this fact, none of
them bore him a child. In our judgment it was his impotency that had prevented
his wives from conceiving, and enjoying the pleasures of motherhood.
Muhammad's sexual impotency has always remained a well-guarded secret. To
prevent it from ever becoming a public scandal, he forbad his followers from
marrying his wives even after his death. His sycophantic followers buried his
embarrassing condition forever by including his slave-girls and concubines in
the same prohibition (cf. Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi, Quranul Karim, p.
1088-9).
As to the question of his having a son from Maria Qibtia is concerned, we will
dwell on this issue later in our sub-chapter titled, "Concubines."
FOURTH WIFE
Hafsah was the daughter of Omar, an intimate friend and a
close confidant of Muhammad. Her father became the second Caliph of Islam
after the death of Abu Bakr.
Hafsah was married to Kunays but became a widow when she was eighteen years
old. Her father offered her in marriage to Othman, the widowed son-in-law of
Muhammad, but he refused. She was then offered to Muhammad's father-in-law,
Abu Bakr, who answered the request in an evasive manner that hurt Omar's
pride.
Finding no willing groom, Umar went to Muhammad to seek his advice as well as
to vent his anger at Uthman and Abu Baker. Counseling patience, he told him
(Omar) that he would give him a better son-in-law than Othman, and give Othman
a better father-in-law than him.
Some time later, Muhammad gave his daughter Umm Kulthum in marriage to Othman,
and he himself married Hafsah, thus fulfilling the promise he gave Omar some
time ago.
Afterwards, Abu Bakr explained his evasiveness to Omar by divulging the
secret: Muhammad himself harbored the wish to marry Hafsah; therefore, he had
to be evasive when Omar asked him to marry his daughter. Had Abu Bakr accepted
his offer, it would have upset Muhammad who, in his turn, would have destroyed
him and his future.
FIFTH WIFE
Zainab was the daughter of Khuzaima and was married to Ubaydah. She had become
a widow when her husband was killed in the battle of Badr (Some say it was the
battle of Uhud). She was rich and had a generous disposition. Her generosity
had earned her the title of "the mother of the poor." She died few
years after the marriage.
Muslims claim that Muhammad had married Hafsah because her husband had been
killed in a battle, and she needed a man to look after her. To us, it does not
appear to be an honest explanation of what must have tempted Muhammad to marry
her. Let us explore:
Eight Muslim men had died in the battle of Badr. We do not believe that all of
them were married. Even if we accept, for argument sake, that some of them had
wives, in that event, we may assume that there were more than one women whose
husbands had been killed in the battle. Muhammad married one; what happened to
the remaining widows, and who took care of them, remains shrouded in silence.
We have nothing in the Islamic history that tells us that apart from Muhammad,
other Muslim stalwarts had married, and given shelter to other women who had
lost their husbands in the battle of Badr or in the battle of Uhud.
In the battle of Uhud, sixty-five Muslims were killed. Hamza, one of
Muhammad's uncles, was among the dead. History does not tell us that either
Muhammad or any his Companions had married any number of widows, left behind
by their dead husbands.
The facts, narrated in the above two paragraphs, prove convincingly that
Muhammad had married Zainab either for her wealth or for her youth and beauty.
His alleged piety had played no role in any of his marriages.
SIXTH WIFE
Umm Salama, whose real name was Hind, was the daughter of Abu Ummaya. She had
a son by the name of Salama, hence the appellation of Umm Salama. Four months
after her husband's death, Muhammad asked her to marry him. Despite the fact
that she was no more than twenty-eight years old at the time, she declined the
proposal on the ground that she was too old for him and that she had a jealous
nature, which would disrupt his conjugal life. Muhammad had, at this time, a
number of wives and slave girls at his disposal.
Umm Salama married Muhammad after he assured her that her age was not a factor
and that he would have her jealous nature cured by God soon after their union.
History, however, does not tell us if she was ever cured of her jealousy or
not.
SEVENTH WIFE
Zainab, the daughter of Jahsh, was a young and beautiful girl, coming from a
respectable family of Quraish. She was a virgin cousin of Muhammad.
Muhammad wanted to marry her, and he might also have proposed to her. Perhaps,
after being rebuffed, he vowed to avenge the insult at any cost. To fulfill
his vow, he designed a trap to escape from which she would have no route.
Zaid, a freed slave and an adopted son of Muhammad, was married to Umm Ayman
and they were leading a happy life with their son, Ayman. Muhammad decided to
turn Zaid, into a pawn in a game that he had devised to bring his passion,
Zainab, to his harem.
Knowing that the aristocratic men of Mecca did not marry the former wives of
their slaves, Muhammad proposed to Umaymah bint Abdul Muttalib, Zainab's
mother, that she let Zaid marry her daughter. She and Abdullah, her son,
declined the proposal (Maulana Muhammad Nazimuddin, Quran Majid, p. 612) on
the round that Zaid was a former slave; and also that he was ugly to look at.
Undaunted, Muhammad produced a revelation, in the name of God, which required
Zainab's mother and brother to submit to his wish. The revelation read:
It is not fitting
For a Believer, man or woman,
When a matter has been decided
By God and His Apostle,
To have any option
About their decision.
If anyone disobeys God
And His Apostle, he is indeed
On a clearly wrong Path (33:36).
Frightened by Muhammad's potent determination, the family gave in, and Zainab
became Zaid's second wife. Soon afterwards, Zaid realized that his adoptive
father nurtured a tremendous lust for Zainab and that he was dying to have sex
with her. Knowing that his refusal to please Muhammad could cost him his life,
he volunteered to divorce Zainab so that he could fulfill with her his heart's
desire.
Muhammad was delighted at the prospect of having Zainab in his grip, but an
age-old pagan custom doused his sadistic plans; they believed it was unethical
and also a sin for an adoptive father to marry his adopted son's divorced
wife. Fearing a storm that his marriage with Zainab was going to create, he
advised Zaid to retain her in his marriage until such time he was able to find
a solution of the problem.
He tried but found no solution. Unable to control his passion for Zainab any
longer, he decreed, "Muhammad is not the father of any of your men,"
. . . (33:40), thus paving the way for him to have his adopted son's divorced
wife in his bed. Zaid heard the decree, and while he was on way to his
home to divorce Zainab, "the power of Revelation overwhelmed him."
When he came to himself, his first words were: "Who will go unto Zainab
and tell her the good tidings that God hath given her to me in marriage, even
from Haven?" (Martin Lings, op. cit. p. 213).
Zaid wasted no time in pronouncing "I divorce thee," perhaps, three
times. The divorce formality over, he handed over his former wife to Muhammad.
Claiming that his marriage with her had already been contracted in heaven
(33:37: "We have joined in marriage to thee"), the best man among
all mankind took her, without bothering for a formal marriage, to his quarters
for inflicting on her all sadistic tortures that he could conceive of.
Thus, in the manner we have described, Muhammad fulfilled his vow of revenge
on Zainab, which he had taken when she rejected his marriage proposal.
The divorce formality that we say Zaid had followed needs some clarification.
Traditionally, a Muslim husband is required to pronounce the words of divorce
three times over a period of time. Thereafter, the divorcee needs to wait for
a term of three months (2:228) in order to make sure she was not pregnant at
the time of her divorce. Only after completion of the waiting term, can a
divorcee contract a new marriage. Conversely, a widow has to wait four months
and ten days (2:234) to clear up the question of her pregnancy viz a viz a
divorcee who is required to wait just three months to achieve the same result.
Contiguous nature of verses 33:36 and 37 gives us the impression that
immediately after Zaid's marriage with Zainab, Muhammad made it clear to him
that he wanted his wife to be his bed partner. His announcement forced Zaid to
avoid a physical contact with his wife. Since there was no possibility for
Zainab to become pregnant and as her marriage with Muhammad had already been
contracted in heaven, we believe, Zaid took a shortcut in divorcing his wife.
He did not divorce Zainab in the traditional manner, for doing that would have
delayed Zainab's availability to Muhammad. Having seen him react against those
people who failed to measure up to his expectation, Zaid knew any delay on his
part would bring him a serious problem from his highly enraged mentor. Zaid
must have hastened the divorce to save himself from Muhammad's wrath.
Zainab's procurement gave Muhammad immense pleasure and happiness. To
celebrate his victory, he threw a grand party to which he invited all the
people of Medina. Interestingly, this was the only party, related to his
marriage, which has found a place in the pages of the Quran (33:53).
EIGHTH WIFE
Jawayriyah, also known as Barra, had become a captive in the hands of the
Muslims. She belonged to the clan of Bani Mustalek. A woman of great beauty,
she fell to the lot of a Helper from Medina who, not appreciating her beauty,
fixed a high ransom for her freedom. Muhammad learned of her predicament and,
being highly charmed by her beauty, paid the ransom himself and took her as
his wife.
NINETH WIFE
Umm Habiba was the daughter of Abu Sofian, Muhammad's uncle and his inveterate
foe. She was married to her cousin, Ubayd Allah Ibn Jahsh. While in Abyssinia,
Ubayd had reverted back to Christianity and died. The widow remained a Muslim.
Once she saw a dream in which someone addressed her as the "mother of the
faithful," which she interpreted to mean that she would marry her cousin.
After her marriage with Muhammad, Abu Sofian, her father, is reported to have
remarked: "By heaven, this camel is so rampant that no muzzle can
restrain him."
TENTH WIFE
Safiya, a Jew of great beauty, belonged to the tribe of Khaybar. She was
married to Kinanah when she was seventeen years old. A few months after her
marriage, Muhammad reached Khaybar on an expedition against her tribe. At this
time, Safiya had a dream. She saw a brilliant moon hanging in the sky and knew
that beneath it lay the city of Madina. Then the moon began to move toward
Khaybar, where it fell into her lap. When she woke up, and told her husband
what she had seen in her sleep, whereupon he struck her a blow in the face and
said, "This can only mean that thou desirest the King of the Hijaz,
Muhammad."
After the fall of Khaybar to the Muslims, Safiya's husband was beheaded, and
she was brought to Muhammad as a captive, still bearing on her face the mark
of the blow. He asked her the cause of the injury and she told him the story
of her dream. Flattered, the he took her as one of his wives. Their nuptials
took place while the remains of the bride's murdered husband awaited a burial.
ELEVENTH WIFE
Maimuna was a widow. Her full sister, Umm al-Fadl, was married to Muhammad's
uncle al Abbas. The uncle offered his sister-in-law in marriage to his nephew,
when he came to Mecca to perform his lesser pilgrimage about two years before
his death. He accepted the offer and married Maimuna while still wearing the
pilgrim's Ihram. (Bukhari, Hadith 49, Book 62, Vol. 7). He consummated the
marriage at Sarif, a few miles outside of Mecca. Ordinary Muslims are not
permitted to marry while wearing their ihram.
TWELFTH WIFE
Esma was the sister of a princely desert chief of Najd. She was given in
marriage to Muhammad in order to protect his estate from being taken over
forcibly by the King of Hijaz.
Realizing his sexual incapability, she left him the night they were married.
Muslim Apologists narrated the incident with a twist. They tell us that as she
was young and very beautiful, Aisha and Hafsah developed in them a sense of
insecurity, fearing that Esma's youthfulness and beauty might force Muhammad
to pay her more attention than he was in the habit of paying them.
Consequently, they hatched a conspiracy in order to prevent their husband from
approaching her sexually. Their plan worked well and Esma forestalled all
attempts to engage her in a sexual act on the night she joined his harem. Her
persistent refusal to copulate infuriated Muhammad. He divorced her without
consummating the marriage (R.V. C. Bodley, op. cit. p. 266).
Maxime Rodinson speaks of another wife whom Muhammad divorced on the ground
that she, too, had denied him sexual access.
According to many of Muhammad's biographers, only nine of his wives ever lived
together in the quarters that he had built around the Mosque of the Prophet in
Madina. These quarters also housed an unknown number of slave-girls. They
catered to all needs, which included sexual intercourse of their master. For
them to deny him sexual pleasures would have tantamount to displeasing God
thereby earning for them a place in hell after their death.
CONCUBINES
Apart from his wives and slave-girls, Muhammad also owned a number of
concubines. Two among them deserve a brief introduction:
Rihana: Rihana was a Jew from Bani Koraida. She was the most beautiful female
of her tribe. After Muhammad put most of the male members of her tribe to
sword, he chose her before distributing booty among his followers. Some
writers maintain that upon her conversion to Islam, Muhammad married her.
Others say that she remained a Jew and died a Jew, five years after her
enslavement. They add, however, that once when her Master discovered that she
had not become pregnant, he asked her to embrace Islam. She is said to have
declined his suggestion saying, "O Messenger of Allah, leave me in thy
power; that will be easier for me and for thee."
Maria Qibtia: We have mentioned earlier that Muqauqis, the ruler of
Alexandria, sent Muhammad two Coptic sisters, called Maria (or Mary) and
Shiren Qibtia as gift. Of the two, Maria was a great beauty. Both the sisters
captivated Muhammad, but since his own law forbade marrying or having sex with
two sisters "at one and the same time (4:23), he reluctantly gave Shiren
away to his close friend and poet Hasan Ibn Thabit. She bore Hasan a
son, whom they named Abdul Rahman. Later on, Hasan became Muhammad's poet
laureate.
Maria also bore Muhammad a son whom they named Ibrahim after the patriarch
Abraham. According to most biographers of Muhammad, Ibrahim died at the age of
fifteen months.
The death of Ibrahim caused Muhammad great pain, for he, in him, according to
his biographers, had reposed his hope for transmitting his name to posterity.
Consequently, he cried uncontrollably as he bent over the bosom of his heart.
He was bathed in tears as he laid his child's little body down into the ground
The lamentations reportedly exhibited by Muhammad on the death of Ibrahim were
in contradiction of his earlier conduct, viz a viz, the death of his three
sons, born of his first wife Khudeija. All of them had died in their
infancy. He neither cried nor expressed any sorrow at their death. Similarly,
he remained nonchalant at the death of his wife Khudeija. We have no
historical record that indicates that he cried or expressed his grief at the
loss he allegedly suffered due to the passing away of his so-called beloved
wife.
We have our doubts on Ibrahim's paternity. We submit, hereunder, the reasons,
which caused us to develop our doubts:
Traveling to distant places, in 7th century, was not an easy matter. It used
to be more so, when one had to undertake his journey from the deserts of the
Middle East.
Many people of the Arabian Peninsula did travel to Syria, Persia and Egypt
etc., on trade, but those travels were not frequent. They used to take long
time in organizing their caravans, and only after preparing themselves in all
respects, did they embark on their missions. Advance preparations were
inevitable for the reason that traveling in those days entailed great risk to
lives and properties. Due to the perilous nature of their journeys, the
Meccans traveled, only once in a year, to Syria and to other distant lands for
conducting their trade.
As long-distant travels caused great hardships, women and elderly people
always avoided undertaking the risks of long journeys. Those among them who
had to go, they usually traveled on camels' back. Otherwise, the group of
travelers almost always consisted of young and strong individuals, who were
willing to walk great distances, when their camels provided rides to those men
who walked, and became exhausted, before them.
In view of the perils and risks they expected to face during their long
journeys, the Meccans always sent small caravans to distant countries. The
small size of their caravans served them two purposes: It helped them not only
save lives; it also prevented their caravans from becoming the target of the
highway brigands.
Considering the fact that long journeys, in his time, caused great hardships
to the travelers, Muhammad selected Hatib b. Abu Balta'a to go to the court of
Muqauaqis, the ruler of Alexandria and to ask him to accept Islam. Hatib was a
young person, who was willing not only to undertake the hazardous journey, but
also to complete it successfully. Muhammad must have given him a horse or a
mule to cover the distance between Medina and Alexandria.
End of part-12
On his journey back home, this young man has, in his company, two young and
beautiful damsels. They were Maria and Shirin Qibtia, two Coptic sisters,
given by the Alexandrian Ruler as gifts to be had and enjoyed by Muhammad, the
imminent Ruler of the Arabian Peninsula. They travel together; eat together
and sleep together in the tent. Hatib, an Arab, most of whom cannot survive
without sex, makes his move. Knowing well that they are in the midst of a
desert where Hatib's help is as essential as a few drops of water, the girls
do not repulse his approach; rather, they indicate their cooperation.
Hatib establishes physical relationship with both of them, which continues
until their arrival at the gate of Medina.
He delivered them to Muhammad. He was highly impressed by their beauty and
would have possessed both of them, had he not decreed earlier to have sex with
two biological sisters at the same time to be a sinful act. Thus prevented, he
chooses Maria, who was prettier than Shirin, to become one of the newest
members of his harem, without knowing that she was pregnant.
Muhammad permitted Muslim men to have sex with their female slaves without
marrying them (4:24). Muslims are required, under the decree, to accord a
bastard child or person (Dictionary definition: Bastard: a person born of
unmarried parents) the same care, privileges, respect, honor and opportunities
they accord to their legitimate children. It was this Islamic spirit that
enabled many bastards not only to live their normal lives; it also enabled
many of them to attain high offices and respect in the past. Wasiq was one
bastard who became a Caliph in 842 A.D., after succeeding his father Must'asim.
He was the son of a Greek slave girl Karatis (Prof. Masudul Hasan, History of
Islam, Vol. 1, p. 228).
Muhammad had three sons from Khudeija. All of them died in their infancy. We
do not know the exact time period in which those boys were born. However, we
surmise Khudeija had gone birth to her sons either during the period Muhammad
was undergoing his training in the cave of Hira or during the time he was
struggling to establish his apostolic mission among the pagans. In either
case, his pre-occupation did not allow him to take good care of his children.
Also the obsession that he had developed for his mission prevented him from
understanding the important role that a son, in certain circumstances, is
called upon to play during his father's life or after his death.
Initially, Muhammad was not much confident of his success, nor did he know
that he was going to become the virtual ruler of the peninsula. Consequently,
he did not realize the importance of having a son, whom he could entrust with
the responsibility to carry on with his mission in his absence. By the time he
realized his mistake, it was already too late.
After being in Muhammad's company for sometime, Maria disclosed that she was
pregnant. He was shocked by the news, for he as well as Maria knew well that
he was not her impregnator. Their respective secrets thus exposed, both of
them agreed to play their respective games of deception, hoping that the child
when born would be a son. In the birth of a son, Muhammad pinned his hope on
having a successor; Maria on the other hand, had a great hope in Muhammad's
successor to bring her freedom and a good and happy life. The child's death in
his infancy dashed their hopes and they were devastated.
Muhammad's manipulation of Maria's pregnancy created uproar among many of his
lukewarm supporters. Having inkling of what was going on in his sex life, they
did not believe his claim. Unable to contain their discontentment, he is
reported to have put Maria in a separate house, though it was his custom to
have all his women reside in the quarters he built in the court of the mosque,
now famously known as the "Mosque of the Prophet." This mosque is
the second holiest mosque, after the temple of Ka'aba, for all Muslims of the
world. The child's untimely death, at fifteen months, rescued Muhammad from
many of his suspicious followers.
Part
13
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