Bombing: An Evil Power of Political Violence in Bangladesh Kamrun Nahar




		Bombing: An Evil Power of Political Violence in Bangladesh (First written on September 30, 2004; Revised on February 5, 2006) Kamrun Nahar* [email protected] When the whole world is ill with the violence of bombing, its inauspicious paws and claws will overshadow the underdeveloped countries much more profoundly than the richer ones, it is quite natural. Recently in Bangladesh, ghastly bomb bursts occur in such places as are beyond peopleï¿½s imagination, though it is not an unusual phenomenon, when past records exist. Hundreds either die or become disabled for life-time from such heinous bomb-attacks; yet none seems to have any headache or anxiety on the matter. When a heart-rending incident occurs, people of this poor region soon react saying, ï¿½oh! Noï¿½. Then the next morning, they ask one another, ï¿½What happened yesterday?ï¿½ None knows, what is going on, why and by whom but one thing is clear to everyone that bombing is an evil power, with which sportive politicians are playing a bloody game. No other means of political violence is so effective in intimidating people as it is proven to be. So, political leaders use one or a body of their own party activists, or hire one or a group of terrorists to carry and drop bombs targeting either at an individual, people, place or equipment. The testimony of the past In independence war of 1971, freedom-fighters used bombs and mines to destroy culverts, barrages, police stations etc. aiming at the damage of communication system among the foes. There is the evidence that they used hand-grenades too in some operations. Thus people got the test, thrill and training of using bombs to show negative power. From then until now, innumerable incidents of bombing have occurred in our country, though the attackers were from different parties in different time. During the years of 1972-75, evidences of bombing incidents in different places of the country were found in the then newspapers. Government supporters and communist extremists attacked with bombs on each other in clashes, strikes, on party offices, government buildings, newspaper offices etc. Bomb attacks accelerated from January to March 1975 in Dhaka and many other places of the country. In the ruling period of Late President Ziaur Rahman, bomb-attacks continued in various places of the country. During the government of President H.M. Ershad, lethal weapons were made available in the hands of student wings of the then ruling party Jatiya Party; so bomb explosions became common on the campus of Dhaka University in 1985. Again, blasts occurred in strikes while opposition movements geared up in order to overthrow autocratic ruler Ershad in November 1990. After 1990, these incidents somewhat lessened for some years but again accelerated from 1999 onwards. Recent Incidents In the recent years, incidents of bombing have increased drastically and dramatically. Those are not only taking huge lives, but creating fear also inside the hearts of people. A chronicle of major incidents is listed here. 1999 Udichi Concert: Timeï¿½bombs were exploded at Udichi Concert in Jessore in March. It took 10 peopleï¿½s lives. Kadiani Mosque: Blast was targeted at the Mosque of Quadiyani community in Khulna in October. Quadiyani community is a minority sector in Bangladesh. 2001 Bomb-blasts occurred in/at CPB Rally at Paltan Maydan in January. (Several people were killed.) Ramna Batamul in Pahela Baishakh. (10 innocents were killed.) Baniachar Mission in Gopalganj. Narayanganj Awami League Office (19 died in June.) AL Rally at Mollarhat in Bagerhat in September. An Election Rally of AL Leader Suranjit Sengupta. 2002 The major explosions occurred in/at * Roxy Cinema Hall and a circus party in Satkhira. (3 persons died) * Cinema Halls in Mymensingh in December (19 innocent people were killed) 2003 Bomb-blasts occurred at- The Pagla Pir Mazar at Sakhipur in Tangail. A Madrasa Mess in Dinajpur in February. 2004 The Shrine of Hazrat Shahjalal (R): Two deadly blasts occurred ï¿½ one on January 12 and the other on May 21. Oros (A Muslim Ceremony): There was a Muslim ceremony in the shrine of Hazrat Shahjalal (R) on January 12. Powerful bombs were kept secretly under the ground where lying about 200 camps of people. At night, explosions started, which took 3 lives (another 1 wounded person died later) and the number of the injured was more than 50. British High Commissioner: British High Commissioner Anwar Choudhury, newly appointed in Bangladesh, whose origin is from Sylhet, came to the shame shrine on May 21 to take part in the Friday prayer. After his prayer, when he came out of the Mosque of the Mazar, someone threw a grenade towards him. It dashed against his belly, rebounded and exploded. By chance, he saved his life. But 8 people died and more than 100 including British High Commissioner were wounded. Mass-Meeting of Suranjit Sengupta: There went on a meeting of Suranjit Sengupta, a central leader of Awami League in Dhirai of Sunamganj on June 21. Grenade attacks on that meeting caused 1 person dead and more than 50 people injured. Cinema Halls: Another incidents of bombing occurred in two cinema-halls in Sylhet named Manika and Rang-mahal on August 5. Gulshan Hotel: In the night of August 7, a strong bomb-attack (though later diagnosed as grenade attack) was staged in front of the Gulshan Hotel in Taltala in Sylhet, targeting the city mayor named Badar Uddin Ahmed Kamran. Though he could save his life by chance, about 30 persons were wounded. The severely injured leader of Awami League―Ibrahim Ali died later. The Anti-Terrorism Mass-Meeting of Awami League: On August 21, an anti-terrorism meeting of Awami League was going on in front of the Awami League Office standing on the Banga-Bandhu Avenue in Dhaka. A series of Grenades, measured up to 13, was thrown targeting Sheikh Hasina, former Prime Minister, from the top of the near building. 20 people including some central leaders of Awami League died and over 200 were injured. 2005* Bomb-Blasts in 63 Districts: It was the largest blast-incident in the history of Bangladesh, which simultaneously broke out in 63 districts out of total 64 at a time in the 17th August. Different newspapers published different number of bomb-blasts and of the injured. According to four largest national newspapers, these incidents of 300-500 blasts resulted in 2 killings and 100-200 injured. All bombs were targeted to intimidate government and people, and placed in places of importance like the stair of Zia International Airport, Hotel Sheratan, the Supreme Court (Dhaka) etc, but mainly aiming at courts and government establishments. With all bombs, leaflets were left in the name of a government banned Islamic militant group named Jamaï¿½atul Mujahidin Bangladesh (JMB) demanding to the government for the replace of countryï¿½s democratic judiciary with the Islamic Law. Bomb-Attack on two judges:* A deadly bomb-attack took two valuable lives of two judges cruelly on November 14. They were Senior Assistant Judges of the District Judge Court of Jhalakati one named Sohel Ahmed Chowdhuri (35) and the other named Jagannath Pare (32). On that day at 9 am, they were waiting for another judge by sitting in a microbus in front of the Judgesï¿½ Quarters located in Officersï¿½ Para of Jhalakati District City for going to the court. The attacker Mamun, later arrested, threw a strong bomb inside the vehicle from a very close distance. He was later identified as a member of the suicide-squad of a banned Islamic militant organization named Jamaï¿½atul Mujahidin Bangladesh (JMB). Suicide Bomb-Attack in the Court-Areas of Chittagong and Gajipur: Members of the suicide-squad of JMB attacked on lawyers, police, and ordinary people in the court areas of Chittagong and Gajipur at the same time on November 29. 10 persons including policemen, lawyers and attackers died. The number of the injured was over 150. Suicide Bomb-Attack at the Office of District Administrator: The Islamic militants piloted suicide-bomb attack at the entrance of the office of District Administrator called Deputy Commissioner (DC) in Gajipur on December 1. This incident took 1 human life and injured 30 including 3 journalists, 7 policemen and 8 lawyers. The young attacker was in the disguise of a traveling tea-seller with a tea-flask, inside of which he was bearing deadly bombs. Blast in front of Udichi and Shatadal: A blast occurred in front of the offices of two cultural organizations named Udichi and Shatadal in Netrakona district at 10:30 am on December 8. In this incident, 7 persons died and 50 were injured. A Letter of JMB was recovered from the spot of blast in which JMB demanded to replace Islamic Law with Democratic judiciary in Bangladesh. Reasons behind the scene In Bangladesh, the violence of bombing was before and is still working on even with more vile power. People expected that it would diminish gradually. But the expectation still remains a dream and the panic of bombing never leaves this helpless region. Why? The curious mind tries to find some answers: 1. The past Experience: When a nation achieves liberation through a hard and bloody struggle, in post-independence period, it usually involves itself in terrorism for some years. The reason is that, at the time of war, people get trained to be unkind in taking heinous actions upon the foes. When the war is over, those experiences still work on their behaviors. Their taste for blood remains unchanged. Some nations can come out of this dark world by the right direction of charismatic, honest and patriot political leaders, while others canï¿½t, if unfortunately they are directed by the corrupted, selfish and deviated leaders as has happened in case of Bangladesh for years endless. This is why Maniruzzaman says, ï¿½Revolutionary mass upheaval generally weakens the peopleï¿½s respect for authority, law and discipline; and it brings in its wake social, economic and political disorders.ï¿½ 2. Intolerance: People submerging in extreme poverty may lose their patience to a greater extent. If a great number of these people are illiterate, they may be more difficult to handle with. This is why the members of all political parties in Bangladesh have least tolerance power. They can be ruthless and senseless in taking any means of violence, whether it is bombing or rather any worse means, they donï¿½t mind. 3. Influence of International Terrorist Groups and Other Organizations: Recent bombing incidents of Bangladesh are so pre-planned and well-organized, it seems that, internal militants or extremists of political parties solely canï¿½t claim the responsibilities of those. Specialists argue that there is a linkage between internal terrorists and external terrorists. Arms and finance are supplied from the external world through this linkage. Among the international terrorist groups, banned by US, the most notorious ones are Abu Shayef Group (Philippine), Jamia-Al-Islamia (Indonesia), Hammas, Harkatul Mujahidin, Hijbullah, Al-Jihad,Al-Qayeda, Qumplun Mujahidin Malaysia etc. Some even claim, Indian guerrillas have hands behind the bomb-attack in Sylhet. Some armed militant groups of Myanmar have been active in Chittagong Hill tracts for a long time. The police and the detectives have found the connection between Rahinga militant groups and the native Islamic militant organizations, such as, JMB, Harkatul Jihad, etc. Some Islamic NGOs including Revival of Islamic Heritage Society active in Bangladesh are under suspicion. Revival of Islamic Heritage Society of Kuwait once worked in various countries as an assistant organization of Al-Qayeda. The most wanted Islamic militant guru Bangla Bhai was once a member of Al-Qayeda, while got trained in Afghanistan. So, renowned political scientist Dr.Tareq Shamshur Rehman, in his article ï¿½Terrorism: From Dhaka to Baslanï¿½ said that the suspect about the linkage between external power(s) and the bombing incidents of Bangladesh canï¿½t be cancelled out. 4. Ghosts of Foreign Countries: Apprehension is high among the people and the analysts on that there may be shadows of the ghosts of foreign countries behind the bombing incidents, piloted in Bangladesh from the past to the present. Who knows whether all those are not conspiracy cases, planned and backed by the upper hands of the governments of one or more countries? Their hidden motives may be to create chaos and turmoil inside this country, which will benefit them by imposing their control over our social, economic and political areas. In this relation, many refer to the names of some countries, such as India, Pakistan, US, Saudi Arabia etc. 5. Political Parties: There is no doubt that many political parties were involved in the cases of bomb-attacks in the past and are still working. For some years after Liberation, the Sarbahara Party and other communist extremist groups piloted bomb-attacks separately in many places of the country. The leading political parties such as Awami League, B.N.P. Jatiya Party, Jamaat-I-Islami Bangladesh etc. also attacked on one another in many different times. Presently, the names of various Islamic militant groups have been heard in the cases of bomb and grenade explosions for the last 5 years, such as Harkatul Zihad, Hijbut Tahrir, Hijbut Taohit, Sahaba-Sainik Parishad, Talamiz-I-Islam, Jamaï¿½atul Mujahidin Bangladesh (JMB), Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB), etc. Many claim that Jamaï¿½atul Mujahidin Bangladesh (JMB), Harkatul Zihad, Ahle Hadith and other Islamic militant groups, which were involved in major bombattacks in the last five years, are either secret wings of Jamaat-I-Islami Bangladesh or its patronized organizations. Generally all parties, either governmental or opposite, rear terrorists, who dare to commit any fatal crime. 6. The Torrents of Illegal Weapons and Ammunition: The availability of weapons and ammunition can turn a sober nation into aggressive one. An illiterate and poor people, empowered by weapons, will be prone to committing terrible crimes. At the time of war, Indian government supplied arms including bombs, grenades and mines to freedom-fighters as well as trained them about how to use explosives. As a result of these, after liberation, 1972-1975 years were highly chaotic, and frequent bomb-bursts occurred all over the country.Even after the liberation, the supplies of illegal arms and ammunition were intruded in Bangladesh through Indian borders and are still getting intruded. There is an evidence of the supply of illegal arms and ammunition including 233 grenades, seized by the army in border areas in November, 1974. According to the detectives, there is a connection between the militant Islamic groups of Sylhet and the extremist organization of India named ï¿½Tripura National Volunteersï¿½ (TNV). TNV sells its self-made bombs and collected grenades to the militant groups of Bangladesh. It is hypothesized that these Islamic fundamentalist groups have used these bombs and grenades in the recent incidents.The largest Illegal supply of arms and ammunition in the history of the country was seized from the wharf of Chittagong Urea Manure Mill by the high officials of the police on April 1, 2004. With other seized weapons, there were 27 thousands and 20 grenades. From all these, it can be concluded that there must have been such many a great number of Illegal arms and ammunition Supply which were never seized and this process continues behind the eyes of people. So, terrorists are getting those explosives in hands easily to do violence. Also news comes often in the national dailies on the matter that bombs are being made in many places inside secretly. For all these reasons, explosives have become easy to reach, and bombing incidents occur frequently. 7. Law is a Dead Horse and Justice is its Broken Trappings: When law is nothing but the written words, it is like a dead horse. And if law is powerless, justice loses its beauty. It becomes then the means of injustice. Last five years, 25 major bomb-explosions were launched, but the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) could do a little except submitting final charge sheets and the genuine culprits could flee from almost all cases. For the investigation of the grenade attack of August 21, 2004, five intelligence agencies worked, such as, Criminal Investigation Department (CID), Detective Branch (DB), Special Branch (SB), National Security Intelligence (NSI), and Directorate General of Forces Intelligence (DGFI). Also, Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) worked too. International organizations like INTERPOL and FBI assisted them. Yet the case still remained clueless, which proves that powerful persons from inside and outside the country donï¿½t want to reveal the truth. Injustice and Lawlessness encourage offenders to do more violence. 8 God Fathers: The terroristsï¿½ patrons, whom people call ï¿½God fathersï¿½, are the reasons of bomb-explosions behind the real actors. Late Siraj Shikdar, the chief leader of the Sarbahara Party, was accused of many bomb-bursts between 1973 and 1974. Maolana Habibur Rahman, Vice Chairman of Islamic Alliance Group, is well-known as a religious extremist in the politics of Sylhet. There is a connection, found by the detectives, between him and Mufti Hannan, accused of many bomb-explosion cases. Detectives conceive that a circle, led by these two leaders, is involved in the plot of grenade-attack on the shrine (Mazar) of Hazrat Shah Jalal (R) in Sylhet. Two absconding leaders of the banned Islamic Militant Group named Jamaï¿½atul Mujahidin Bangladesh (JMB) are a real threat not only to the people living in the North Bengal, but also to those of the whole country. Shayakh Abdur Rahman is the central Amir of this group and Bangla Bhai is the operational chief of JMB in the North Bengal. Though Bangla Bhai is active in Rajshahi and Naogaon Districts giving his party name as Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB), it is a disguised name of Jamaï¿½atul Mujahidin. Another militant guru is Dr. Galib, now kept in the police custody, who is the leader of another Islamic group named Ahle Hadith working in 16 districts of the North Bengal as well as in Khulna, Kustia, Jamalpur and Narayanganj. It is suspected that he is the spiritual leader of the Jamaï¿½atul Mujahidin. These three militant gurus are inter-linked and their three parties are nothing but three fake names of one Islamic militant group in disguise. It is now clear that they made their followers stage bomb-explosions on August 17 (2005). Both the leaflets recovered from the spots of blasts asking the government to establish Islamic Law and bomb explosions in courts prove that their aims of these blast incidents were to make pressure on government to release Dr. Galib, to take off the charges filed against Abdur Rahman and Bangla Bhai, and to withdraw ban from their Islamic parties. It is predictable, they can endanger the future of the inhabitants of this land seriously. In the South-West Bengal, the communist extremist groups are exercising violence being undaunted. Mrinal, leader of the New Revolutionary Communist Party, Main Jamaddar, leader of a killer group, and Shoeb and Suman, daring cadres of Janayudda, are the kings of terrorism in the south-west zone. Recently Mrinal died by the cross-fire of RAB. The extremist communists are accused of killing Humayun Kabir Balu by bombing on June 27, 2004. Balu was the editor of a local newspaper of Khulna named ï¿½the Daily Janmabhumiï¿½. Before five and half months of this killing, another journalist of Khulna, named Manik Saha was killed in the same way. Besides, among many top-terrorists and other criminals, listed or not listed by the police, absconders and free-walkers may be implicated in separate bombing incidents all over the country. Therefore, it is clear, God Fathers explode bombs in their own areas by their retinues, though they may be involved in other cases too outside their local regions. How to manage The situation in Bangladesh is grave and threatening but not yet out of the control. If certain steps are taken with sagacity, further crisis will not arise with irresistible appearance. Here, some recommendations are provided. 1. High Alerts in Borders and Ports: Illegal arms, terrorists and ammunition enter the country through borders and ports. So, deployment of high police officers, detectives and the army is necessary in those areas to watch over illegal activities of illegal traders and to catch them red-handed. 2. Ban on the Illegal Production of Explosives: Newspapersï¿½ reports show that terrorists often make explosives clandestinely in many places inside the country, which is highly threatening to peace-situation. To stop this crime, special police branches, such as, Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), Cobra, Cheetah etc, appointed by the BNP government, should continue investigation without being biased. 3. Proper Wages and Training for the Police: Little wages of the police has forced them to be involved in crimes in unison with the terrorists. People are confused why the police is reacting strangely on the bombing-case of August 21, 2004. Also, the police have failed to catch the real culprits accused of the major bombing incidents, staged before or may have helped them to flee; who knows, what the truth is. Proper wages, which will suffice them, and proper training may make them dutiful. And it will reduce terrorism largely. 4. Marking Crime-zones: Government should mark some areas as crime-zones so that it can give more attention to improve law and order situation of those areas and can seize the absconders, such as, Dhaka, Khulna, the Forest Sundarban, inaccessible parts of Chittagong Hill Tracts, where training camps of Islamic militants were already found. In those areas, more army and police should be deployed. 5. Responsibilities of the Ministry: For long years, terrorists have thriven under the shade of ministers. Many ministers and MPs rear terrorists, keeping them untouched by law like the mother of birds. If the Judiciary is separated from the Executive and if it independently carries on prosecution against the involved ministers and MPs, the unlawful situation of the country will improve significantly. 6. Modern Spying Technology: We need to improve our spying technology as much as possible. At first, we need to export some technology and equipment from abroad. Then, we have to build up our own mechanisms. Digital audio recorders can be used in telephone sets in order to record secret conversations of national and international terrorists. In big cities, miniature digital auto-cameras can be set on the streets to watch over the movements of criminals. 7. Ban on Religious Political Parties: All kinds of religious political parties should be banned immediately. Intolerance and violence accrue from religious politics, as we have seen in Pakistan, India, Afghanistan etc. Analyzing the major bomb-explosions from 1999 to 2004, detectives have found some similarities between these incidents and that is the places of attack are of a common class, as, cinema halls, cultural ceremonies, mazar (shrine) etc. Islamic militant groups count these places as the centers of un-Islamic activities. So they may have targeted them to destroy culturally and finally. If religious politics isnï¿½t banned, these unexpected incidents may not be avoided. 8. Friendly Relation and Consensus: Friendly Relation and Consensus between the government and all other opposite political parties about common national issues can help improve the whole situation dramatically. If the enmity between them goes on, revengeful bombing attacks will be repeated. 9. Imprisonment of Terrorists: As long as the top terrorists and their retinues are roaming outside like phantoms with free hands, the country is more dangerous than a forest. Better it is as early as the police arrest them and send them to jail. But if ministers help them to get bails, what is in practice in our country for long, all endeavors to stop any kind of violence including bombing will be meaningless. 10. Reduction of Unemployment: There is a saying that an empty brain is the working place of the Satan. The young generation has now gone astray being depressed from unemployment-status. If statistics is counted down correctly, it will be proved that none but the young are generating violence practically in the field. As long as more public and private industries are established creating more posts, incidents of explosions or others will not stop. 11. Values and Patriotism: The degradation of values within all classes of people is the chief cause of many-sided and devastating violent activities. People have a very little concern about what they do. They are destroying themselves and their property by bombing without any hesitation. Mass-media can work together to develop values and patriotism of people. Specially radio, TV, newspapers can be the most helpful in this ground. They can use some sentences in daily advertisements to build rapport inside citizens for the country. Special Training of values should be compulsory for the police and other branches related to law and order. In foreign countries, there are special courses for criminals to develop their mental conditions. This will fit for our prisoners in this critical condition of the country. 12. Enlightened People: As Professor Abu Sayid says, we need enlightened people now. An illiterate nation can be more aggressive than the literate one. This is the reason why bombing incidents seldom occur in Australia, Europe and America, when it is common in Africa and Asia. Ruling and opposition political parties hire people, mainly youths and adolescents, for picketing on the street in the day of strikes and these peopleï¿½s behaviors are really savage. If these millions of people are enlightened by education, the destructive activities will reduce to a greater degree. Last words Life is no more secure in this poor land, rather shadowed by an evil power named bombing, which some wretches are using as the strongest means of political violence. None knows what will happen next to him. It is as though one kind of civil war. Some mentally sick persons of the same nation are taking the test of the blood of their own brothers. Bombings not only take huge lives and leave huge people unproductive, but also destroy the national wealth, which push back the country to some years. This is not the time for blaming each other. In this critical moment, expectation lays on one thing that government and other political parties will work together and behave in the democratic way discarding personal egos, enmity and hatred and a consensus on how to face this crisis is the first necessity. This only can bring end in this dark period. We hope for the starry night in Bangladesh flamed with the heavenly light of conscience, not soaked with blood and brutality. ________ *About the author: Kamrun Nahar is currently doing her M.Phil research on ï¿½Political Violence in Bangladesh.ï¿½ Sheï¿½s also a published author of two Bangla novels. Sources used in the Essay: Note: The estimated number of killings and the injured by different blasts varies in the reports of different newspapers. The cited head-lines of the newspapers are translated as follows into English from original Bengali. 1. BU Rafiqul Islam, Lakhya Praner Binimoye (Translated fromï¿½A tale of Millionsï¿½). translator Bhuiya Shahabuddin, (2n ed. Dhaka: Shayapath Prakashani, 1986), p.226 2. Dr. Abul Fazl Huq, Bangladesher Rajniti Sanghat o Paribartan (Bangladesh Politics: Conflict and change 1971-1991), (Rajshahi: Rajshahi University Text Book Board, 1994), pp.123,182 3. Major Rafiqul Islam, Pachattarer Rakta-kharan (The Bloodshed of 1975), (2nd ed. Dhaka: Afsar Brothers, 1992), p.12 4. ï¿½Bombing in some places including the Banglar Baniï¿½. The Banglar Bani, December 14, 1974. 5. ï¿½Open firing of 28 round bullets and 4 bomb-explosionsï¿½, The Daily Ittefaq. September 2, 1981. 6. ï¿½27 wounded by Grenade-explosionï¿½, The Daily Ittefaq, September 13, 1981. 7. Lawrence Ziring, Bangladesh: From Mujib to Ershad. An Interpretive Study,( rpt. Dhaka: University Press Limited, 1994), p.167 8.ï¿½The Country-wide Strike. Huge Clashes. Firing-breaking-Setting Fireï¿½, The Dainik Sangram, November 21, 1990. 9. ï¿½Explosions in the Oros of Shah Jalal(R), 2 deadï¿½. The Prothom Alo, January 13, 2004. 10. ï¿½Bomb-attack on British High Commissioner in Sylhet, 2 deadï¿½, The Prothom Alo, May 22, 2004. 11. Shamim Ahmed, ï¿½Bombs in Sylhetï¿½, The Dhaka Courier, August 13, 2004, p.6-7 12. ï¿½Explosions in the meeting of Suranjit: It was too grenade: Next day, the call for Strike in the district of Sylhetï¿½, The Prothom Alo, June 23, 2004. 13. ï¿½The panic of bombing in three airports: the highest alertnessï¿½, The Prothom Alo, August 11, 2004. 14. ï¿½Again Bomb attack in Sylhet: The attempt to murder the Mayorï¿½, The Prothom Alo, August 8, 2004. 15.ï¿½ The Awami League Leader Ibrahim, died by bombing, was very popularï¿½, The Prothom Alo, August 9, 2004. 16. ï¿½The Attempt to murder Sheikh Hasina: 14 died by Grenade attackï¿½, The Prothom Alo, August 22, 2004. 17 ï¿½Grenade Attack: Investigators clueless even after a monthï¿½, The Daily Star, September 21, 2004. 18. Talukder Maniruzzaman, ï¿½Bangladesh: An Unfinished Revolution?ï¿½ in Bangladesh Politics, ed.by Emajuddin Ahamed, (Dacca: Centre for Social Studies, Dacca University, 1980), p.30 19. Dr.Tareq Shamshur Rehman, ï¿½Terrorism: From Dhaka to Baslanï¿½, The Daily Jugantor, September 21, 2004, p.5. 20. ï¿½The Watchfulness over the militant groups in Sylhet: S.P. suspendedï¿½, The Prothom Alo, May 25, 2004. 21.Rafiqul Islam, Lakhya Praner Binimaye, op.cit. pp.109, 118, 228, 229, 220 22. ï¿½10 Smugglers died by the firing of the armyï¿½, The Banglar Bani, November 21, 1974. 23. Parvej Khan and Ahmed Nur, ï¿½Attempt to involve Awami Leagueï¿½, The Prothom Alo, August 10, 2004. 24. ï¿½Weapons were being delivered on the guard of the police!ï¿½, The Prothom Alo, April 4,2004. 25. ï¿½Handing over to the cantonment after the count of weapons: still no case is filedï¿½, The Prothom Alo, April 4, 2004. 26. ï¿½Grenade Attack: Investigators clueless even after a monthï¿½, The Daily Star, September 21, 2004. 27. ï¿½Habibur Rahman is disputed again and again for the extremist politics in Sylhetï¿½, The Prothom Alo, May 30, 2004. 28.ï¿½The top terrorist Picchi Hannan is dead: Two members of RAB are injured by bulletsï¿½, The Prothom Alo, August 7, 2004. 29. ï¿½The Rise and the growth of the extremists are going on under the political indulgenceï¿½, The Prothom Alo, August 7, 2004. 30. ï¿½We donï¿½t get justice; so we donï¿½t want it.ï¿½ The Prothom Alo, June 29, 2004. 31. ï¿½Bangladesh is topsyturvied in 500 fatal bombsï¿½, The Prothom Alo, 18 August, 2005. 32. ï¿½A dress Rehearsal of the making the Armed Jihad of the Militantsï¿½, The Prothom Alo, 18 August, 2005. 33. ï¿½Bomb-Attack in the whole Country at a timeï¿½, The Daily Jugantor, 18 August, 2005. 34. ï¿½Terror attacks across countryï¿½, The Independent, 18 August, 2005. 35. ï¿½300 blasts in 63 districts in 30 minutesï¿½, The Daily Star, 18 August, 2005. 36. ï¿½This time flask-bomb attack in Gajipurï¿½ , The Prothom Alo, December 2, 2005. 37. ï¿½Two judges killed in the militant attackï¿½, The Prothom Alo, November 15, 2005. 38. ï¿½The threat from militants has not reduced a littleï¿½, The Prothom Alo, November 16, 2005. 39. ï¿½Jamaat is the patron of militant activityï¿½, The Prothom Alo, November 23, 2005. 40. ï¿½7 persons including policemen and lawyers died by suicide-bomb blasts in Gajipur and Chittagong. The Amar Desh, November 30, 2005. 41. ï¿½Blood-soaked Netrakona in suicide- bombï¿½, The Prothom Alo, December 9, 2005.